DIETARY HERBS:
EFFECTS ON
- WEIGHTLOSS
- WATER RETENTION
- APPETITE CONTROL
- MOODVITALITY
- SKIN & HAIR
- WELL–BEING
AGATHOSMA SPECIES
Common name: Buchu, Bucco, Diosma.
TRADITIONAL USE:
Buchu is a low-growing shrub native to the Cape region of South Africa. The word buchu is the Koi word for the plant – ‘bookoo’. The original use is thought to be possibly as an insect repellant, also for rheumatism, stomach and bladder problems. It has a long history of use by traditional herbalists to treat urinary tract infections, inflammation and gout.
MODERN MEDICINAL USE:
The leaves of buchu contain 1.0 – 3.5% volatile oils as well as flavonoids. The urinary tract antiseptic action is thought to be due to the volatile oils, of which the primary component thought to have antibacterial action is the monoterpene disophenol. Herbal practitioners recommend the healing and soothing properties of the herb for use in any infection of the genito-urinary system such as cystitis, urethritis and prostatitis. Should always be taken with meals.
REFERENCES:
Simpson D. Buchu – South Africa’s amazing herbal remedy. Scott Med J 1998; 43: 189-91 (review).
Didry N, Pinkas M. A propos du Buchu. Plantes M éd et Phytoth ér 1982; 16: 249-52.
Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A et al (eds) The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Austin: American Botanical Council and Boston: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998, 317.
Wicht M. Herbal Drugs and Phytochemicals. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994, 102-3.
ARCTIUM LAPPA
Common name: Burdock, Lappa, Gobo, Kuang Mu Hsiang, Wu Shih, Clot-Bur.
TRADITIONAL USES:
Arctium lappa, better known as burdock, is a biennial herb grown in China, Europe and the United States. It is used in traditional folk medicine all over the world. In many countries burdock seeds are crushed to make a tincture that is used to purify the blood, treat gout, arthritis, rheumatism, ulcers, bruises, dandruff, joint pains, knee swellings and skin conditions such as acne, psoriasis and ringworm. In Russia the root is used as a popular anti-cancer remedy (anecdotal). In China it is regarded as an aphrodisiac and used to treat low libido and sterility.
MODERN MEDICINAL USE:
Constituents of burdock include polyacetylenes, chlorogenic acid, taraxosterol, arctigen, inulin,lactone, essential oil, flavonoids, tannin, mucilage, resin, potassium, iron and calcium. The seeds contain essential fatty acids. The volatile oils from burdock seed are believed to be diaphoretic
(used to generate sweating as an aid to eliminating toxins from the body).
This activity helps to support the treatment of liver problems, flu, gallstones and help the kidneys in filtering acids from the bloodstream. Antibacterial and antifungal, burdock is also a mild laxative and aids the elimination of uric acid.
REFERENCES:
Weiss RF, Herbal Medicine. Beaconsfield Arcanum. Beaconfield 1991.
BHMA. British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, BHMA, Bournemouth.
Ody Y. The Herbal Society”s Complete Medicinal Herbal. Dorling Kindersley, London 1993. The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre. Herbal Plant Therapies: Burdock. The Complete German Commission E Monographs. Burdock. Hoffmann D. The New Holistic Herbal. Second Edition, Element, Shaftesbuty. 1990.
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA–URSI
Common name: Bearberry, Kinnikinnick, Manzanita, Mountain Cranberry
TRADITIONAL USES:
Better known as Uva Ursi, this evergreen shrub bearing white flowers and red blossoms is widely used as a diuretic. It’s action as a diuretic and antiseptic
Is due to the arbutin and other glycosides it contains. It helps to neutralise the urine if it is too alkaline. This happens when the arbutin is converted to hydroquinones and glucose which have disinfection properties. Native American peoples mixed Uva Ursi with tobacco to make a medicinal smoking mixture called Kinnikinnik. In the nineteenth century Uva Ursi was used to treat diarrhea, gonorrhea, bedwetting and blood in the urine.
MODERN MEDICINAL USES:
Uva Ursi is excellent for treating urinary conditions and is helpful for pain caused by bladder stones, cystitis, nephritis and kidney stones. Uva Ursi also contains allantoin which is helpful for soothing and repairing tissue. Because of this, it works well for healing wounds and irritation associated with vaginal infections.
REFERENCES:
Moore Michael, Medicinal Plants of the Pacific West, 1993. Redcrane Books, Santa Fe NM. Pp. 242-245.
Lust John, The Herb Book, 1974. Bantam Books, New York. Pp 110.
Murray Michael, Encyclopaedia of Natural Medicine 1991. Prima Publishing, Rocklin CA. Pp 258.
BHMA. 1983. British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, BHMA, Bournemouth.
Mabey R (ed). 1991. The Complete New Herbal, Penguin, London.
Hoffman D. 1990. The New Holistic Herbal, Second Edition, Element, Shaftesbury.
ARTEMESIA AFRA
Common name: Wormwood, Wilde-als, Umhlonyane.
TRADITIONAL USES:
Artemisia afra is one of the oldest and most widely used of medicinal plants.Largely found from South Africa’s Cederburg Mountains in the Cape and northwards to Zimbabwe, tropical East Africa and Ethiopia. This popular folk medicine was used by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans as well as by the Indian tribes of North America. In South Africa it is widely used by people of all cultures for coughs, colds, flu, fevers and bronchitis. It is particularly valued for it’s internal worm-expelling properties which were well documented as far back as the first century AD, by the Greek botanist, pharmacologist and physician Dioscorides.
MODERN MEDICINAL USES:
Artemisia afra remains as popular today, as in the past. It is widely used for helping to regulate the digestive system and assist the process of eliminatation. It is also used for ailments that range from coughs, colds, fever, loss of appetite and colic … to headaches, malaria and intestinal worms. This versatile tonic, purgative and antiseptic herb may be smoked, snuffed or drunk as a tea. One of the most renowned Artemisia remedies in South Africa is ‘Wilde-als Brandy’, an infusion considered by many in the Afrikaans community to be something a a panacea. The oils in Artemisia offer useful local anaesthetic properties in helping to combat the pain for rheumatism, arthritis and neuralgia. They are offer powerful antimicrobial action and have been shown to be effective scavengers of harmful free radicals.
REFERENCES:
Roberts M. 1990. Indigenous Healing Plants, Southern Book Publishers, Halfway House, South Africa. Bremness L, 1988. The Complete Book of Herbs. Dorling Kindersley, London. Hutchings A. 1996. Zulu Medicinal Plants. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. Van Wyk B, Van Oudtshoorn B, Gericke N. 1997. Medicinal Plants of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria.
BERBERIS VULGARIS
Common name: Barberry.
TRADITIONAL USES:
Medicinal use of this herb goes back to ancient Egypt where it was used with other herbs as a protection against plague. The roots have been used in Europe to counter inflammation, lower fever, calm stomach upsets and generate vigour.
MODERN MEDICINAL USES
Today Barberry is widely used in the Middle East to support the treatment of biliary conditions, such as gall bladder disease. Containing active substances
known as berberine alkaloids that are known to help reduce fever, fight infection and support the activity of the immune system. Barberry is used to ease infections of the urinary ststem as well as candida (yeast infections of the vagina. Helps to support the efficiency of the bladder.
REFERENCES
Foster S, Tyler V. Tyler’s Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Related Remedies. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Herbal Press; 1999; 43-45.
Kaneda Y, Torii M, Tanaka T, Aikawa M. In vitro effects of berberine sulphate on the growth and structure of Entamoeba Histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichononas vaginalis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1991 Aug; 85 (4): 417-425.
M.Grieve. A Modern Herbal. 1984. Penguin.
BETULA ALBA
Common name: Silver Birch.
TRADITIONAL USE
The bark of the birch has long been used as an astringent, diuretic, laxative and diaphoretic ( a form of heat therapy that assists the elimination of toxic matter in the body). In the northern US, Canada and northern Europe, a birch leaf infusion is used to help disolve kidney stones. Due to its diuretic properties, birch leaf is used in treating cystitis and other urinary problems, mild arthritis, gout and intestinal worms. The bark of this tree contains an oil which is similar to that of wintergreen
MODERN MEDICINAL USE
Birch is helpful in dealing with constipation. Elimination is aided by the laxative cleansing and diuretic action of the herb that helps to get rid of waterlogging. Herbal diuretics all contain potassium and complex nutrients. The leaves also
contain phytosides, which are effective germicides. In Europe, an infusion is used to treat gout, dropsy, nerve pains , rheumatism and also to help clear skin rashes, hair loss and as a blood purifier. Today, a tea made from the inner bark is used to help eliminate kidney stones. It has antiseptic, tonic, anti- inflammatory properties,
REFERENCES
Mabey R. Plants with a Purpose/ Fontana 2979 ISBN 0-00-635555-2.
Chiej R. Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants, McDonald 1984. Grieve. A
Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984. Holton J and Hylton W. Complete Guide to Herbs. Rodale Press 1979. Chittendon F. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus
Supplement. Oxford University Press 1956.
CAMELLIA SINENSIS
Common name: Tea
Tea has numerous medicinal benefits due to its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. However, excessive tea drinking can inhibit the iron uptake in the body leading to anaemia. Native to China, the plant spread to India and Japan, then to Europe and Russia, finally to America in the late 17 th century.
MODERN MEDICINAL USE:
Tea leaves contain many compounds, such as polysaccharides, volatile oils, vitamins, minerals, purines, alkaloids (caffeine and polyphenols),catechins and flavonoids. Although major tea types have antibacterial and free radical capturing (antioxidising) properties, this decreases with the darkness of the variety, due to reduced antioxidising polyphenols remaining in the leaves. In this respect, green tea offer maximum benefits. The flavonoids (polyphenols) possess proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antibacterial and antiviral properties. They also act to strengthen veins. The catechins (tannins) offer important detoxifying benefits. Research also shows that 1 or 2 cups a day of Green, Black or Ooolong teas provide the equivalent vitamin-C of 3 glasses of orange juice. Other benefits include: protection against tooth decay, support for the immune system and during recent years as having the potential to inhibit cancer cell growth.
REFERENCES:
Jung YD, Kim MS, Shin BA, Chay KO, et al. EGCG, A major component of green tea inhibits tumour growth by inhibiting VEGF induction in human colon carcinoma cells. Br. J. Cancer 2001 Mar 23; 84(6): 844-850.
Katiyar SK & Elmets CA. Green tea polyphenolic antioxidants and skin photoprotection (Review). Int. J. Oncol. 2001 June; 18(6): 1307-1313.
Hamilton-Miller JM. Anti-carcinogenic properties of tea (camellia sinensis) J. Med. Microbiol. 2001 Apr; 50 (4): 299-302.
CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS
Common name: Cayenne
Cayenne, one of the oldest and most widely used plants in the world contains carotenoids and capsaicinoids, and has an immediately invigorating effect on various body systems. It stimulates circulation, aids digestion and promotes sweating. As perspiration cools the body, cayenne has been used to break fevers. In the East, cayenne is thought to benefit the heart, kidneys, lungs and stomach.
MODERN MEDICINAL USES:
Today, cayenne is used as an antimicrobial to help control infections. It is also useful in helping to manage heart disease risk factors, high blood cholesterol and blood platelet aggregation. Cayenne benefits both the heart and the entire circulatory system by stimulating the circulation and assisting the delivery of fresh vitalised blood and oxygen to the heart and organs. Topically, it is used to relieve pain.
The New England Journal of medicine reports that residents of Thailand experience virtually no blood clot problems due to their traditional frequent use of red pepper. Believed to benefit poor digestion, hydrochloric acid deficiency, cluster headaches, facial pain, asthma, cold hands and feet, sinusutis, shingles, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis.
REFERENCES:
Cichewicz RH, Thorpe PA. The antimicrobial properties of chili peppers (capsicum species) and their uses in Mayan medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (1996), 52(2): 61-70. Deal CL, et al. Treatment of arthritis with topical capsaicin. A double blind trial. Clin. Ther. 1991 May-June; 13 (3): 383-95. McCarthy GM, McCarthy DJ. Effect of topical capsaicin on the therapy of painful osteaarthritis of the hands. J. Rheumatol, 1992; 19 (4) 604-7.
CENTELLA ASIATICA
Common name: Gotu Kola
Gotu Kola has been used in Asia for centuries. In Sri Lanka it was believed to prolong life as the leaves were commonly eaten by elephants that lived
to great ages. It also has an historical reputation for enhancing mental alertness, healing wounds and helping to treat rheumatic fever, nervous disorders, hoarseness of the throat and skin problems.
MODERN MEDICINAL USE:
The herb Centella asiatica has a long reputation for helping and treating problems and conditions ranging from rheumatoid arthritis and varicose veins, scleroderma and scars… to virility and circulation. The chief active constituents of gotu kola are the saponins (triterpenoids), associated with wound healing. It is thought to act on connective tissue, increasing collagen formation This herb helps to combat stress, increase mental and physical energy. It has been found to induce levels of antioxidants . There is evidence that gotu kola might be beneficial in Alzheimers’s disease, act as a sedative and have analgesic properties.
REFERENCES:
Duke JA. CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs: Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1985, 110-1. Pointel JP, Boccalon H, Cloarec M, et al. Titrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) in the treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs. Angiology 1986; 37: 429-1. Kartnig T. Clinical applications of Centella asiatica (L0 Urb. In Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture and Pharmacology, vol 3., Craker LE, Simon JE (eds) Phoenix AZ: Oryx Press, 1986, 145-73. Murray MT. The Healing Power of Herbs. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing, 1995, 173-83.
CURCUMA LONGA
Common name: Turmeric, Geelwortel, Gelbwurz, Haldi, Safran des Indes. Jiang Huang.
Turmeric use goes back more than 4000 years, to the Vedic culture in India, where turmeric was the most important spice and of religious significance. In traditional Chinese medicine this vivid orange-yellow, aromatic member of the Zingiberaceae (ginger) family is esteemed for it’s therpeutic powers which range from invigorating the blood and easing pain, to clearing phlegm in the heart channel and relieving intestinal gasses. Turmeric contains powerful antioxidant phytonutrients that help to relieve inflammation by reduc- ing histamine levels and possible increasing natural adrenal corticoids.
MODERN MEDICINAL USES:
Curcuma longa is believed to help liver disorders, digestive problems, shoulder pains, sinus and ear problems. Around the world, it is regarded as anti-arthritic ( India), diuretc ( Malaya), increasing intelligence, wisdom and energising the ‘third eye’ ( India), stimulating pancreatic enzymes ( China), tonic ( Malaya), uterine stimulant (Phillipines). The benefits of turmeric are immense and include every aspect of well-being, and virtually every condition common to man.
REFERENCES:
British Herbal Pharmcopeia, UK, 1983. Murray M, The Healing Power of Herbs, Prime Publishing: USA, 1995. Potterton D. (ed.), Culpepper’s Colour Herbal, W Foulsham & Co: Sydney, 1983. Melanie Koeman, Materia Medica Class Notes, Nature Care College, 1998. Mediherb, Modern Phytotherapist, Vol 3, No. 1, Summer 1996. P10.
ECHINACEA PURPUREA
Common name: Echinacea, Purple Coneflower, Black Sampson, Igelkopf, Equinacea.
For hundreds of years Echinacea was used by the Native American people as an antiseptic, analgesic (pain killer) and for the treatment of snake bites. In the 1800’s American physicians used it to treat boils, gangrene, ulcers, absesses, fevers and infections as well as typhoid, malaria and diptheria.
MODERN MEDICINAL USE :
In Germany, where it has always been widely used to treat viral infections and inflammatory conditions, it’s popularity as a superb natural immune system defence is unchallenged. Laboratory studies show that echinacea increases the ability of the white blood cells to surround and destroy bacterial and viral invaders in the blood. It stimulates the lymphatic system to clear waste material and toxins, and it has potent antimicrobial activity as well as stimulating wound healing and blood clotting. Echinacea destroys the germs of infection directly, and it boosts the body’s immune system by stimulating the overall activity of the cells responsible for fighting all kinds of infection.
REFERENCES :
British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, British Herbal Medicine Association, 1996, 1990, 1983. World Health Organisation WHO Model Monograph : “Radix Echinacea”, July 1996. R.C Wren, Potter’s New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations. The C.W Daniel Company Limited, Saffron Walden, England 1988. The Lawrence Review of Natural Products. Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO, Lay 1995. “Echinacea”. Awang D.V.C, Kindack D.G. “Echinacea” Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal, 124, 512-515, November 1991. Kommission E Monographs: Echinacea. Kooperation Phytopharmaka, Germany. Christopher Hobbs, Botanica Press 1990. Echinacea, The Immune Herb.
EMBLICA OFFICINALIS
Common name: Indian Gooseberry, Amalaki, Amla Emblic Myrobalan
A highly nutritious source of the most concentrated Vitamin-C in the plant kingdom. It contains 30 times the amount of Vitamin-C found in oranges, in Ayurvedic tradition Amalaki is known for its rejuvenating and revitalizing properties. It also improves the absorption of iron for healthy blood and nourishes the heart, eyes and digestion.
MODERN MEDICINAL USE:
Amalaki has a special action that promotes strength and lean muscle mass. It also relieves constipation, water retention in the tissues, irritible bowels, haemorrhoids and fever. According to Ayurvedic belief it helps to improve mental and physical well-being. Amalaki also contains pectin that helps to decrease Serum Cholesterol, inhibit platelet aggregation and lower cholesterol levels – and is a natural source of anti-aging, premature greying of the hair and increased immunity against heart and nervous disorders. It enhances the production of red blood cells, strengthens hair, teeth and nails, regulates blood sugar.
REFERENCES:
Singh BN, Sharama PV. Effect of amalaki on amlapitta.es Ind Med 5 (2): 223-230, 1973. Chawla YK, Dubey P, Singh R, et al. Treatment of dyspepsia with amalaki (Emblica officianalis) Vagbata 5 (3): 24-26, 1987.
Thakar CP, Mandal K. Effect of Emblica officinalis in cholesterol-induced atheroclerosis. J Med Res, 79: 142-146, 1984. Indian Pharmaceutical Codes 1953, P 156 Emblica. International Journal of Indian Medicine. July 1985, P56.
EQUISETUM ARVENSE
Common name: Horsetail.
A close relative of the fern, horsetail is a descendant of plants that thrived during the Paleozoic era (400 million years ago). In our civilisation, this herbal remedy was in use during ancient Roman and Greek times. Even then it was recognised for its healing powers and was used to stop bleeding, heal ulcers and wounds, and treat kidney problems and tuberculosis
MODERN MEDICINAL USE:
The plant’s stems are rich in silica and silica acids, which help to heal broken bones and build collagen, an essential protein found in connective tissue, skin, bone, cartilage and ligaments. Horsetail also has diuretic properties and is used to treat infections of the urinary tract, kidney and bladder stones as well as topical therapy for wounds.
REFERENCES:
Bradley P, ed. British Herbal Compendium. Vol. 1. Dorset (GB) British Herbal Medicine Association; 1992: 92-94. Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckman J, eds. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications. Gruenewald J, Brendler T, Christof J. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 2 nd ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company; 2000: 409-410.
FOENICULUM VULGARE
Common name: Fennel
In Greek legends, fennel was believed to be a source of eternal life. In Europe, North America, Asia and Egypt it has long been used to treat indigestion, heartburn and colic.
MODERN MEDICINAL USE:
Fennel helps to subdue the appetite and to increase urine production. The chief constituents of fennel include the turpenoid anethole. This and other terpenoids are useful in inhibiting spasms of the smooth muscles in the intestinal tract and and help to relieve gastro-intestinal tract cramp. Fennel is also known for its diuretic properties and action in helping to increase the production of bile. It is useful in easing pains and fevers and has anti-microbial value.
REFERENCES:
Mills SY. Out of the Earth: The Essential Book of Herbal Medicine, UK: Viking Arkana, 1991, 424-6. Forster HB, Niklas H, Lutz S. Antispasmodic effects of some medicinal plants. Plant Med 1980; 40: 303-19. Tanira MOM, Shah AH, Mohsin A, et al. Pharmacological and toxicological investigations of Foeniculum vulgare dried fruit extract in experimental animals. Phytother Res 1996; 10: 33-6. Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. (eds). The Complete Commission E Monographs: Thera[peutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Boston, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998. 128-9.
FUCUS VESICLOSIS
Common name: Bladderwrack, Brown Kelp, Edible Brown Seaweed.
Kelp is used to strengthen and promote the glands. It controls the thyroid and regulates metabolism. It supports the brain and the nervous system and contains over 30 minerals and vitamins.
Nowadays, ongoing studies worldwide emphasise the possible protective benefits of seaweed for pre-menopausal women. Studies show that Japanese women have longer menstrual cycle lengths and lower circulating estrogen levels compared with Western women. This may be attributed to an increased dietary intake of edible brown seaweed and soy protein.
It is thought that dietary kelp may be beneficial for woman with or at high risk of estrogen-dependant disease as it lowers the plasma cholesterol level. As cholesterol is a precursor of sex hormone biosynthesis, kelp intake may alter sex hormone levels and menstrual patterns.
REFERENCES:
Tavani A, Bosetti C, Dal Maso L, Giordana L, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Infleunce of selected hormonal and lifestyle factors on familial propensity to ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2004, 92: 922-926. Madigan MP, Troisi R, Potischman N, Dorgan JF, Brinton LA, Hoover RN. Serum hormone levels in relation to reproductive and lifestyle factors in postmenopausal woman ( United States). Cancer Causes Control 1998, 9: 199-207. Shimizu H, Ross RK, Bernstein L, Pike MC, Henderson BE. Serum estrogen levels in postmenopausal women: comparison of American whites and Japanese in Japan. Br J Cancer 1990, 62: 451-453. Wood CG. Seaweed extracts: a unique ocean resource. J Chem Educ 1974, 51: 449-452.
GALIUM APARINE
Common name: Cleavers
Cleavers is one of the plants that traditionally is thought to act as a diuretic. It is used to relieve bloating and promote urine production. It has also been used by people with lymph swellings, jaundice and wounds.
MODERN MEDICINAL USES:
Cleavers is a valuable plant and quite possibly the best tonic for the lymph system. As a lymphatic tonic with diuretic action it may safely be used in cases of swollen glands anywhere in the body, especially tonsillitis and adenoid trouble. It is helpful in the treatment of cystitis and other urinary conditions where there is discomfort. Active constituents are Galiosin, an anthraquinone glycocdide, other glycosides,tannins and flavonoids Experiments suggest it may have antispasmodic activity.
REFERENCES:
Mills SY. Out of the Earth; The Essential Book of Herbal Medicine. London: Viking Arkana, 1991, 493-4.
GENTIANA LUTEA
Common name: Bitterroot, bitterwort.
Originating in Europe and Turkey, gentian has been used for centuries as a digestive aid and antidote for poisons. It’s name derives from Gentius, King of Illyria (180-167 BC) who discovered the plant’s healing properties.The popular digestive tonic ‘Swedish bitters’ is likely to contain gentian. Traditional uses include topical applications to skin tumours, as an aid to reducing fevers and for the treatment of digestive upsets. Its ability to enhance digestive function includes the production of stomach acids
MODERN MEDICINAL USES:
Gentian contains some of the most bitter substances known, particularly the glycosides - gentiopicrin and amarogentin that make it one of the most valuable tonic medicines. Besides stimulating the secretion of saliva in the mouth and also hydrochloric acid in the stomach, gentiopicrin is thought to protect the liver.
Gentian is useful in states of exhaustion from chronic disease and in all cases of weakness of the digestive system. It is one of the best strengtheners of the human system, stimulating the liver, gall bladder and digestive systems. Promotes the production of urine.
REFERENCES:
Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984 ISBN 0-14-046-440-9.
HARPAGOPHYTUM PROCUMBENS
Common name: Devil’s Claw.
A traditional African remedy for skin cancer, arthritis, fever, malaria and indigestion. In Europe it was used for arthritis. diabetes, allergies, old age and as a digestive aid.
MODERN MEDICINAL USES:
Devil’s Claw root contains the iridoid glycosides – harpagside, harpagide and procumbine, plus beta sitosterol, sugars and gum resin. Harpagoside and other iridoid glycosides may be responsible for the herb’s anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions. A clinical study carried out in Germany in1976 noted that it exhibited anti-inflammatory activity comparable to the anti-arthritic drug phenylbutazone. These properties create support for joint, ligament and tendon problems. It also stimulates the stomach to increase the production of acid to help the digestion.
REFERENCES:
Chrubasik S, Zimfer C, Schutt U, Ziegler R. Effectiveness of Harpagophytum procumbens versus diacerhein in treatment of osteoarthritis. Phytomed 2000; 7: 177-83. Chrubasik S, Zimfer C, Schutt U, Ziegler R. Effectiveness of Harpagophystum procumbens in treatment of acute lower back pain. Phytomed 1996; 3:1: 1 – 10. Blumenthal R, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. (eds). The Complete Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Moston, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998, 120-1.
HYPERICUM PERFORATUM
Common name: St. John’s Wort, Goatweed, and St. Joan’s Wort.
Since ancient times St John’s Wort was the standby of physicians who used it for the treatment of infectious diseases, tuberculosis, malaria, whooping cough and worms, wounds and burns. But more importantly, as a support treatment for depression and anxiety.
MODERN MEDICINAL USES:
Today, St. John’s Wort is used for treating mild to moderate depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, menstrual and menopausal discomforts. Recent studies have linked the antidepressant effects of this herb to various xanthones and flavonoids that act as monoamine oxidase (MOA) inhibitors. One particular derivative of the extract, hyperforin, helps to inhibit the uptake of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline.
REFERENCES
De Smet PA, Nolen WA. St. John’s Wort as an antidepressant. (editorial) Br Med J 1996; 313: 241-2. Chatterjee SS, Bhattacharya SK, Wonnemann M, Singer A, Muller WE. Hyperforin as a possible antidepressant component in hypericum extracts. Life Sci 1998; 63: 499-510. Healey D. The antidepressant era. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press; 1997. Payk TR: Treatment of Depression. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, 1994, Oct 7 suppl: 53-5 S3-5. Rey JM, Walter G. Hypericum perforatum ( St. John;s Wort) in Depression: Pest or Blessing?. Med J Austr. 1998, Dec 7-2, 169 (11-12): 583-6. Mark Blumenthal. The Complete German Commission E Monographs. Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines, American Botanical Council 1997. ISBN 09655550X.
MEDICAGO SATIVA
Common name: Alfalfa.
Alfalfa is a popular herb belonging to the legume family. Called the “Great Healer” by herbalists, its health benefits range from helping to support the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid gland malfunction, high cholesterol, peptic ulcers and stomach disorders ... to asthma and diabetes. The primary properties are anti-inflammatory, diuretic, digestive tonic, and phytoestrogenic.
MODERN MEDICINAL USES:
Alfalfa is believed to be a detoxifier able to cleanse the liver and bloodstream, and to support the treatment for high cholesterol. It is recognized as a nutritious source of chlorophyll, beta carotene, calcium, vitamins A, C, E and K and minerals calcium, potassium, phosphorus and iron. Saponins in the herb act on the cardiovascular, nervous and digestive systems. Use of this herb is not recommended during pregancy, while lactating and by those with hormone sensitive cancer.
REFERENCES:
DerMarderosian A. The Review of Natural Products. St. Louis: Facts amd Comparisons, 1999. Barnes J, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. Herbal Medicines. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 2002. Molgaard J, von Schenck H, Olsson AG. Alfalfa seeds lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apoliproprotein B concentrations in patients with type ll hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 1987; 65: 173-9.
PIPER LONGUM
Common name: Long pepper, Pippali.
Indigenous to India and Ceylon, Long pepper is an aromatic shrub containing resin, volatile oil, starch, gum, fatty oil and an alkaloid called piperine. It is one of the most widely used of Ayurvedic herbs for improving the digestion, assimilation and metabolism of the foods we eat. In the Oriental medicine system it is also associated with longevity.
MODERN MEDICINAL USES:
Long pepper is widely used as a memory stimulant, rejuvenator, aphrodisiac and regulator of the estrogen cycle. It is also used for arthritis, peptic ulcers, viral hepatitis, fertility and coughs. In the cardiovascular system it acts as an anti-coagulant and anti-thrombosis. It can be used to support anti-tuberculosis treatment as an anti-hepatotoxic. It helps to build the immune system which controls the spread of parasites in the body. In a combination with certain Oriental medicine herbs it can have a marked effect on the prolongation of the estrous phase of the estrogen cycle.
REFERENCES:
Garmer DR. Alernative Oriental Traditional Tibetan Medicine Health Care System. Encyclopaedia of Tibetan Medicine. International Research Institute. Frawley D, Vasant L. The Yoga of Herbs. Twin Lakes: Lotus Press 1992. Castleman M. The Healing Herbs. Emmaus: Rodale Press 1991.Flynn R, Roest M. Your Guide to Standardised Herbal Products. Prescott: One World Press, 1995.
RUMEX CRISPUS
Common name: Yellow Dock.
Yellow dock, a member of the buckwheat family, has a long history of use as a traditional medicine used to treat skin conditions, including boils and rashes thought to have been caused by toxic metabolites associated with bad digestion and impaired liver function.
MODERN MEDICINAL USES:
The primary chemical constituents of Yellow dock are small amounts of anthraquinone glycosides, tannins, oxalates, resins and iron. It also contains vitamins A and C, and calcium. It is also one of the best available sources of iron, making it beneficial for treating anaemia and in pregnancy. It is used to purify the blood supply to the glands and improves the flow of bile and digestive juices. Yellow dock is held to improve bladder and liver function, reduce bowel inflammation and glandular swelling. It is also a mild laxative and stimulant of bile production. It improves the function o fthe kidneys, liver, lymph glands and intestines, so assisting the body’s natural cleaning processes.
REFERENCES:
Newall CA, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals. London. Phamaceutical Press, 1996, 274.
Hoffman D. The Herbal Handbook. A user’s Guide to Medical Herbalism. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press, 1988. 40.
SMILAX SPECIES
Common name: Sarsaparilla.
In traditional folk medicine in Mexico, sarsaparilla was used by herbalists for rheumatism, cancer, skin diseases and many other conditions. Sarsaparilla also has a long record of being used for various women’s reproductive concerns as it is thought to have a progesterone-like effect.
MODERN MEDICINAL USES:
Sarsaparilla contains steroidal saponins which mimic the action of some human hormones. It also contains phytosterols (such as beta-sitosterol which may contribute to its anti-inflammatory and liver protective effects), calcium, iron, iodine, manganese, potassium, silicon, sodium, vitamins A, C, B-complex and D. It is known to purify the blood, lower blood pressure and clean the colon and urinary tract. It is useful for helping to reduce the inflammation of rheumatism and arthritis. As a diuretic and diaphoretic, sarsaprilla assists weight loss programmes by enhancing metabolic process, increasing urination to reduce water retention.
REFERENCES:
Duke JA. CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1985, 446. Bradley PR (ed). British Herbal Compendium, vol 1. Bournemouth, Dorset, UK: British Herbal Association, 1992, 194-6. Hobbs C. Sarsaparilla, a literature review. Heralgram 1988; 17:1, 10-5 (review). Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. (eds). The Complete Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Boston, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998. 372-3.
SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS
Common name: Wu-wei-zi.
An amcient treatise on Chinese herbal medicine, Shen Nung Tsao Ching, describes schisandra as a high grade herbal drug used as a kidney tonic and lung astringent. Other textbooks on traditional Chinese medicine recommend its use for coughs, insomnia, exhaustion and to assist the body’s response to stress.
MODERN MEDICINAL USE:
The major constituents of schisandra are lignans. Research suggest that these lignans have a protective effect on the liver and immune system. It is thought the schisandra may be helpful to those with chronic viral hepatitis. Schisandra may also have an adaptogenic action (similar to Siberian ginseng) to enhance the heart function, exercise performance and strength. Also to help reduce fatigue.
REFERENCES:
Sinclair S. Chinese Herbs: A Clinical Review. Alternative Medicine Review 1998; 338-344. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopaedia of Common Natural Ingredients used in Food, Drugs and cosmetics. 2 nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996, 469-72. Shu HY. Oriental Materia Medica: A Concise Guide. Palos Verdes, CA: Oriental Healing Arts Press, 1986, 624-5. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, et al. American Herbal Product Association’s Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1997, 104.
SILYBUM MARIANUM
Common name: Milk Thistle.
Milk thistle is native to the Mediterranean and grows wild in Europe, where it has been used to treat liver disorders for thousands of years. It’s value as a relief for liver disorders goes back to the 4 th century BC Later it came to be used for many other complaints including disorders of the bile duct and spleen, varicose veins, menstrual conditions and congestion of various organs.
MODERN MEDICINAL USES:
Milk thistle has been proven to protect the liver from damage. The effects of environmental toxins, alcohol, drugs and chemotherapy may be countered with this beneficial herb. Over the past 20 years, intensive research has confirmed its therapeutic value for a wide range of liver disease and supportive treatment for chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. By helping to detoxify the liver, this potent antioxidant benefits the enhanced functioning of the entire organism, including creating enhanced conditions for normalising body weight.
REFERENCES:
Di MarioFR, Farini L, Okolicsanyi, Naccarato R. 1981. The Effects of Silymarin on the Liver Function Parameters of Patients with Alcohol-induced Liver Disease: A Double Blind Study’. In de Ritis F, Csomos G and Braatz R. (eds).Der Toxisch-metabolische Leberscaden. Hans. Verl.-Kntor, Lfibeck, pp 54-58. Feher H, et al 1990 ‘Hepatoprotective Activity of Silymarin Therapy in Patients with Chronic Alcoholic Liver Disease’. Orvosi Hetilap 130: 5 1. Schauenberg P, Paris F. 1977. Guide to Medicinal Plants. New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing Inc.
SYZYGIUM AROMATICA
Common name: Clove.
One of the most ancient and most widely used of spices. Cloves have been used medicinally by the Ancient Greeks, Romans and Chinese. During those times it was used chiefly as a local anaesthetic and for the relief of toothache. Although it is indigenous to the Phillipines and Molucca Islands, it is also grown in India, Sri Lanka, Java, Zanzibar and Madagascar.
MODERN MEDICINAL USES:
Today, cloves are used in the treatment of nausea, flatulence, dyspepsia and toothache. It is a potent antiseptic and is also anti-spasmodic. The constituents are astringent tannins, sterols that appear to be useful in inhibiting tumours and controlling cholesterol, and flavonoids that provide antioxidant benefits as well as helping to relieve stress. There are potent indications that flavonoids are also antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive.
REFERENCES:
Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbs: American Botanical Council and Integrative Medicine Communications. Austin TX; 1998: 112.
Curtis EK. In pursuit of palliation: oil of cloves in the art of dentistry. 1990; 38: 9 – 14. Reynolds JED (ed). Martindale: The extra pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromex Inc. Englewood, CO; 1999.
TARAXUM OFFICINALE
Common name: Dandelion.
This is an old and popular herb, long used by the native peoples of America to cleanse the liver and blood, to enhance the circulation , clear warts, relieve indigestion, sore throat, liver spots and menstrual cramps. Traditional medicine regarded it as an important ‘spring tonic’ to help shake off the lethargy of winter and to energise, revitalise and prepare the entire system for the increased demands and challenges of the season ahead,
MODERN MEDICINAL USE:
Today, we know that Dandelion benefits all the functions of the liver. It clears obstructions ( such as stones) and detoxifies harmful substances that collect in the liver, spleen and gall bladder. It enhances the efficiency of the circulation and is also useful for treating Premenstrual Syndrome as it is a diuretic, reduces cholesterol and help to clear skin problems. Dandelion is a rich source of potassium with more vitamin-A than in carrots,
REFERENCES:
Moore M. Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West. 1979, Museum of New Mexico Press. Moerman DE. Native American Ethnobotany, 1998. Timber Press. Waltz L. The Herbal Encyclopaedia – a Practical Guide to the Many Uses of Herbs. 1999 – 2000, ebook from: earthnow.org.
TERMINALIA BELERICA
Common name: Myrobalan, Bibhitaki.
One of the important herbs in the ancient Ayurvedic system and a key ingredient of the legendary healing trio of herbs known as Triphala, renowned for its usefulness in helping to control body weight. Bibhitaki acts to remove clogging mucus build-up where bacteria, yeast and parasites may flourish.
MODERN MEDICINAL USE:
Clinical studies show that Terminalia belerica reduces the levels of lipids (fatty substances) in hypercholesterolemic animals. The tests revealed a significant decrease in the liver lipids and the heart lipids. Research has proved that this herb is a powerful adaptogenic agent. Observations also support the value of Terminalia belerica as anti-diabetic, antioxidant and antimicrobial. When in combination with the other two herbs used in the Triphala formulation (Terminalia Chebula and Phyllanthus emblica) they are believed to strength the tissues of the body, prevent aging, assist mental activity and prevent disease.
REFERENCES:
Siddiqui HH. Studies on Terminalia belerica Roxb. Effect on bile secretion and pharmacodynamic properties. Indian Journal of Pharmacy 1963: 297. Anand KK, et al. Hepatoprotective studies of a fraction from the fruits of Terminalia belerica Roxb. on experimental liver injury in rodents. Phytotherapy Research 1994; 8: 287-292. Sivarajan VV. 1994. Ayurvedic Drugs and their Plant Sources. Lebanon, New Hampshire: International Science Publisher.
TERMINALIA CHEBULA
Common name: Haritaki
Used for centuries in Asia, the ripe fruit of Terminalia chebula (haritaki) is prized for its many useful health benefits. It is astringent, light and readily assimilated. It is digestive, antiseptic, laxative, carminative and diuretic In the East it is esteemed as an excellent blood purifier, promotes digestive power , treats skin and eye diseases, diabetes, fevers, anaemia, hypertension, heart condition and irritible bowel syndrome. It is regarded as one of the laxatives most highly regarded in Ayurvedic medicine.
The fruit of Terminalia Chebula is also used in Egyptian traditional medicine, where it is known as kabuli and used for the treatment of hypertension, bile and digestive problems.
MODERN MEDICINAL USES:
Today, standardised Terminalia chebula is recognized as a powerful new source of concentrated ellagic Acid (90%). and various tannins.
It contains a constituent that has a wide anti-bacterial and antifungal effect, and also inhibits the growth of E. coli, the most common organism associated with urinary tract infection. The plant is widely used in many Ayurvedic formulations for chronic ulcers, leucorrhoea, gum diseases and fungal infections of the skin.
REFERENCES:
Naik GH, Priyadarsini KI, Naik DB, Gangabhagirathi R, Mohan H. Studies on the aqueous extract of Termina chebula as a potent antioxidant and a probable radioprotector. Phytomedicine 2004 Sep; 11 (6): 530-8.
Na M, Bae K, Kang SS, Min BS, Yoo Jk, KamiryoY, Senoo Y, Yokoo S, Miwa N. Cytoprotective effect on oxidative stress and inhibitory effect on cellular ageing of Terminalia chebula fruit. Phytother Res. 2004 Sep; 18 (9) 737-41.
TRACHYSPERMUM AMMI
Common name: Thyme.
Thyme was a favourite of the ancient Romans, who added it to foods and fermented beverages. In the 17 th century herbalists were finding that thyme teas and infusions were useful for whooping cough, gout and stomach pains.
Thyme oil was used for skin conditions. Later, thyme cigarettes were smoked to relieve stomach upsets, headache and fatigue.
MODERN MEDICINAL USES:
Today, thyme is used commercially in scores of products ranging from cough drops, mouthwash, liniment, toothpaste and detergents … to shampoos, deodorants, skincare creams and perfume. Thyme in its crude form is carminative, antibiotic, astringent and expectorant. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat heartburn, gastritis, asthma, laryngitis and bronchitis. The herb is approved by Commission E in the treatment of bronchitis, whooping cough and upper respiratory inflammation. Major constituents are monoterpene hydrocarbons and phenolic monoterpenes.
The seed, and especially the essential oil is antiseptic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, expectorant and tonic.
REFERENCES:
Grieve M. 1979. A Modern Herbal. New York: Dover Publications Inc. Hutchens A. 1991. Indian Herbology of North America. Boston. Shambala. Leung AY. Foster S. 1996. Encyclopaedia of Natural Ingredients Used in Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2 nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tyler VE. 1994. Herbs of Choice. The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals. New York: Pharmaceutical Products Press.
URTICA DIOICA
Common name: Nettle.
In folk medicine nettle plants have long been used as a diuretic and to build the blood, for arthritis and rheumatism. Externally it has been used to invigorate the hair, to treat oily hair and dandruff. In the lst century AD, Greek physicians were already familiar with the nettle as a diuretic and laxative, also useful for asthma, pleurisy and spleen conditions. In America nettle leaves were recommended as a weight loss aid.
MODERN MEDICINAL USE:
Today, nettle’s long term use a an anti-inflammatory aid for rheumatism and arthritis has been confirmed with clinical research. In a number of studies nettle leaf extracts were recorded to havewith anti-inflammatory action in relieving arthritis pain and inflammation in humans. Recent research on nettle focusses on prostate inflammation (prostatitis) and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Thus far, nettle root ( and in combination with other herbs has demonstrated encouraging progress.
REFERENCES:
Wagner H, et al. ‘Biologically active compounds from the aqueous extract of Urtica dioica’. Planta Med. 1989: 55 (5): 452-4. Akbay P, et al. ‘In vitro immunomodulatory activity of flavonoid glycosides from Urtica dioica L.’ Phytother. Res. 2003; 17 (1): 34-7. Mittman P. ‘Randomised, double-blind study of freeze-dried Urtica dioica in the treatment of allergic rhinitis’. Planta Med. 1990; 56 (1) 44-7. Tahri A, et al. ‘Acute diuretic, natriuretic and hypotensive effects of continuous perfusion of aqueous extra of Urtica dioica in the rat.’ J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 73 (1-2): 95-100.
ZEA MAYS
Common name: Sweet Corn, Corn Silk.
Corn Silk is the silky filaments inside the corn husk, highly regard in herbology as a support for the urinary system. Corn Silk has been used in conditions of high uric acid such as gout and certain types of arthritis. It helps to reduce painful swelling and is used for a wide range of genito-urinary complaints.
Even though it is a diuretic, Corn Silk can also benefit frequent urination conditions by soothing bladder irritation. Chinese reasearch shows that Corn Silk reduces hypertension and reduces blood clotting time,
Corn Silk contains iron, silica, potassium and vitamins B, C and K. It also contains zinc, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. It’s chief constituents are maizenic acid, fixed oil, resin and mucilage. It alleviates the irritation of the bladder and urinary tract by coating the membranes lining the urinary system walls. It has also been known to reduce the formation of sediments in the kidneys, relieve inflammation in the urinary tract and help reduce water retention in the body.
REFERENCES:
Chittendon F. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956. Oxford University Press 1951. Grieve M. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984 ISBN O-486-20459-6. Triska DR. Hamlyn Encyclopaedia of Plants. Hamlyn 1975 ISBN 0-600-33545-3. Lust J. The Herb Book. Bantam. 1983 ISBN 0-553-23827-2,
ZINGIBER OFFICINALE
Common name: Ginger.
Traditional Chinese medicine has used ginger for over 2500 years to reduce abdominal bloating, relieve coughs, diarrhoea and rheumatism. Ginger is also commonly used in the Ayurvedic and Tibetan systems of medicine for the treatment of inflammatory joint diseases, such as arthritis and rheumatism.
Ginger is believed to act directly on the gastrointestinal system to reduce nausea. It has been shown to reduce the symptoms of motion sickness associated with air, sea and car travel. Clinical tests also indicate that ginger may reduce post-operative nausea caused by anaethesia. Other trials suggest that ginger may be helpful in preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea.
Ginger is considered a tonic for the digestive tract, stimulating digestion and toning the intestinal muscles. Ginger may protect the stomach from the damaging effect of alcohol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
REFERENCES:
Holtmann S, Clarke AH, Scherer H, Hohn M. The anti-motion sickness mechanism of ginger. A comparative study with placebo and dimenhydrinate. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1989; 108: 168-74. Grontved A, Brask T, Kambskard J, Hentzer E. Ginger root against seasickness. Acta Otolaryngol 1988; 105: 45-9. Tyler VE. Herbs of Choice. The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals. Binghampton, NY: Pharmaceutical Products press, 1994, 39-42.
COMMIPHORA MUKUL
Common name: Guggul.
One of the most important botanicals in the Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine. It is used for rheumatoid arthritis and lipid disorders such as obesity and fat ‘coating and causing obstruction’ of the channels.
Clinical tests have been carried out to examine the effectiveness of this herb into disorders in cases of lipid metabolism and weight reduction. This research resulted in the development of a natural cholesterol lowering substance that is far safer and effective than many cholesterol lowering drugs.
Guggul contains resin, volatile oils and gum.The extract provides ketonic steroid compounds known as guggulsterones. These compounds have been shown to provide the cholesterol and triglyceride lowering action noted for guggul. Guggul lowers serum glycerides and cholesterol as well as the LDL and VLDL cholesterols ( the ‘bad’ cholesterols). At the same time it raises the levels of HDL cholesterol (the ‘good’ cholesterol). Guggul has been shown to be an effective antioxidant and also reduces the stickiness of platelets to reduce the risk of coronary artery disease.
REFERENCES:
Satyavati GV. Gum guggul (Commiphora mukul) – The success of an ancient insight leading to a modern discovery. Indian J Med 1988; 87: 327-35.
Singh K, Chander R, Kapoor NK. Guggulsterone, a potent hypolipidaemic, prevents oxidation of low density lipoprotein. Phytother Res 1997; 11: 291-4.
Antonio J, Colker CM, Torina GC, et al. Effects of a standardised guggulsterone phosphjatye supplement on body composition in overweight adults. A pilot study. Curr Ther Res 1999; 60: 220-7.
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